Giossi, Wagamon, Sabraski, Jensen Capture 48th Red Clay Classic Wins
by Nick Gima & John Kimmes
Ashland, WI, September 30 – It was a weekend of history, records and firsts as a standing-room-only crowd enjoyed the 48thannual Red Clay Classic at the ABC Raceway.
The prestigious end-of-season stock car racing invitational event, presented by FastLane Motorsports & Custom Powdercoating, Tim’s Automotive Machine and Red’s Auto, drew 205 entries to compete for a record $120,000 posted purse which, by the time contingencies were added, had ballooned to over $133,000.
At the conclusion of two days of racing, James Giossi of Hudson; Clayton Wagamon of Ramsey, MN; and Brandon Jensen of Ellsworth became first-time Red Clay Classic champions, while Shane Sabraski of Rice, MN, won for the third straight year.
Giossi, who had never won a feature at ABC before, started on the outside of row 4 for the 50-lap, $6,000-to-win Red’s Auto WISSOTA Late Model spotlight event, presented by KME Invention Innovators, and he patiently worked his way forward as polestarter as two-time RCC winner AJ Diemel edged ahead of front-row mate Jeff Massingill to set the initial pace. Diemel was quick on the super-smooth, super-sticky red-clay oval and pulled away to a one-second advantage within just three laps, while Massingill fended off Ashley Anderson just ahead of the battle for fourth between Sam Mars and Jesse Glenz, which Giossi soon joined.
Diemel had extended his lead to over two-and-a-half seconds over the first ten laps by flying around the extreme high-line of the wide, smooth three-eighths-mile track, with Giossi displacing Mars for fourth and looking for more. But by lap 14, with slower traffic now coming into play, Massingill and Anderson had trimmed the deficit to the leader by half.
Diemel had cleanly worked the high side to get through the first few backmarkers, but he needed to search for alternate routes as traffic got thicker. But on lap 21 disaster struck for Diemel as he dove low to try to get by Jake Redetzke; the two made contact, which caused Redetzke to spin and collect another car. Diemel was penalized to the end of the running order for the incident, giving the lead to Massingill for the restart.
Giossi restarted second alongside Anderson just behind the new leader, but Anderson charged ahead with the green flag waiving, taking the lead a couple of laps later by flying around the track’s perimeter like Diemel had done. Anderson extended his margin to nearly a full second before Kevin Burdick’s race car stopped dead at the top of turn 2 on lap 28 with heavy front-end damage.
Giossi took to the low lane to wrestle the lead from Anderson a lap after that restart, and from there he would be nearly impossible to catch. His lead was up to 1.5 seconds when the final yellow light of the night flashed on for Derek Vesel’s spun ride on lap 34, but Giossi soon re-established a comfortable margin as the race ran to its conclusion uninterrupted.
Cory Mahder, who started 12th, moved by Glenz and challenged Anderson for second throughout the final laps, as Giossi was well on his way to a 2.76-second final margin at the checkers. Anderson fended off Mahder’s charge for second, and defending RCC Late Model champ Darrell Nelson – who came through a semi-feature and started 19th – grabbed fourth in the closing laps ahead of Massingill.
Like Giossi, Wagamon had never won a main event at Ashland before Saturday, but he adapted quite well to the tacky-fast surface in chalking up the win in the 35-lap Outlaw Wraps & Apparel WISSOTA Modified A-main, presented by Tim’s Automotive Machine.
Polestarter Steve Lavasseur, a former ABC Raceway regular, used his familiarity with the track to bolt out to a strong early advantage of a second-and-a-quarter over Diemel in a short seven laps. Marcus Dunbar, a two-time ABC Midwest Mod champ finishing his first full season in the “big Mods,” took to the extreme outer groove and raced toe-to-toe with the WISSOTA national Mod points leader Sabraski for third, while another past RCC champ, Shane Halopka, held down fifth.
Diemel suffered the first of his two heartbreak moments on the weekend when his car failed him and he coasted off the track on lap 9, giving up second to Sabraski. A lap later Dunbar clawed his way around Sabraski, and Michael Truscott, another former RCC winner, had just worked his way into the top-five mix when the yellow flag waived for Kennedy Swan’s spin on lap 13.
Dunbar stayed up high in his bid for the lead after the restart, but he flirted too close to the wall on lap 16 and rode up onto the guardrail, damaging his car and taking him out of contention. This gave the tenth-starting Wagamon the opportunity he was hoping for as he dove low to slip past Dunbar and Sabraski into second before the caution flag waived for Dunbar’s stalled ride; he then drove beneath Lavasseur one lap after the restart and claimed the lead.
With non-stop racing the rest of the way, Wagamon drew away to leads of as much as a full second, with Mike Anderson overtaking Sabraski for second. On lap 23 Nelson – who had to transfer from a B-main to make the Mod feature as well – worked the outer lane to get around Sabraski for third.
Anderson closed on Wagamon as the laps wound down, getting to the leader’s rear push-bar with four laps to go. Coming to the white flag Anderson nosed ahead at the flagstand and beat Wagamon into turn 1, but Wagamon battled back to inch ahead through the final turns and beat Anderson to the checkers by .176 seconds – the closest feature finish at a Red Clay Classic since the introduction of electronic scoring in 2008. The 21st-starting Nelson came home a short distance back in third, followed by 16th-starting Al Uotinen and Sabraski.
The win earned Wagamon a $5,000 paycheck – the highest first-place check ever paid to a Modified driver in track history.
Sabraski, who is also in control of WISSOTA’s national points chase in the Super Stocks, led from green to checkered to successfully defend his RCC title and take home an ABC-record $4,000 winner’s check in the 30-lap Superior Floral WISSOTA Super Stock feature, presented by FastLane Motorsports. It was Sabraski’s 15th career feature win in Ashland, including his ninth in the Super Stocks, and his fifth win here this season overall.
Sabraski won the initial duel with polestarter Kyle Copp and gradually built his lead over the course of the first seven laps to 1.5 seconds. Terran Spacek, the 2021 RCC Supers winner, got by Copp for second after three laps, bringing Andrew Mackey, DJ Keeler and Tristan LaBarge along into the top five.
A Ron Mahder spin slowed the proceedings on lap 7, but Sabraski resumed his dominance over the field over the next ten laps. The battles behind him were fierce, however, as Mackey and Spacek debated second, and Keeler and LaBarge were joined by Joey Jensen just behind them. On lap 12 Spacek, Jensen, Keeler and Mackey raced four-wide for second spot, with Jensen winning that battle.
As Nelson would do later in the Mods and Late Models, nine-time ABC Raceway points champ Steve Stuart ventured to the outermost line and began picking away at positions, cracking the top-five by lap 14 and getting around Keeler for fourth two laps later, just before Matt Deragon’s spin slowed the pace and eliminated Sabraski’s four-second lead. Back under green another former RCC winner, Tommy Richards, worked his way past Keeler, Stuart and Spacek to steal third over the course of a couple of quick circuits.
The race was stopped again for a three-car tangle on lap 21, followed by a four-car pile-up a lap later, but Sabraski continued on virtually uncontested over the final laps for a 2.86-second winning cushion. Stuart pulled alongside Jensen on the lap 22 restart and, after a couple of laps of three-wide racing with Richards joining in, eventually swept around to claim second. Richards edged Jensen for third, and Spacek held on for fifth.
Sabraski joins Tom Nesbitt (1982-’84) and Jimmy Mars (1994-’96) as the only drivers to win Red Clay Classic features in three consecutive years (he won the Modified feature in 2021), and he becomes the only driver to ever win RCC Super Stock titles in back-to-back years.
The 25-lap Harmony Wealth Management WISSOTA Midwest Modified feature was not only historic, but also a great feel-good story, as Brandon Jensen won a thrilling battle over his brother Joey for the $2,000 winner’s check in the first-ever one-two finish for siblings in RCC history.
Defending and two-time champ Tony Bahr led early from the pole, but Joey Jensen had the point by the time the field had completed lap 1, with Brandon running third. The leaders held serve until lap 7, when Richards’ racer sprayed a cloud of steam while racing mid-pack, forcing cars to scatter and sending David Simpson’s car into the turn 4 wall.
Brandon made an outside move to overtake Bahr for second on the restart and then stayed in the high lane to catch and eventually pull even with brother Joey just before the caution flag came out for Jesse Polson’s spun ride on lap 11. Over the next five laps the Jensen boys pulled away to a two-second buffer over Bahr as they dueled for the lead, with national Mid-Mod points leader Zach Benson holding fourth ahead of former RCC winner Dave Flynn.
On lap 20 Brandon dropped to the low lane and nosed ahead to a .167-second advantage at the start-finish line, which was enough to install him as the leader for the restart after Dylan Miller’s spin on lap 21.
Joey threw every move he could to shake the lead away from his brother over the final four laps, but Brandon held true to his line and won his first RCC feature and second-ever ABC win by a scant half-second. Bahr was a distant third, while Benson and Flynn never missed a step in completing the top-five.
Friday’s portion of the two-day program was capped off by the Red’s Auto Fans’ Choice Late Model feature, where online voting by race fans determined a 16-car line-up for a 16-lap feature. After nearly 4,600 votes were cast, Pat Doar beat Glenz out of the first pair of turns and was never headed as he sped off to the $800 winner-take-all victory. Kevin Eder claimed second from Glenz just after mid-race, and Nelson and Nick Anvelink completed the top five.
The first-place checks for the Modified, Super Stock Midwest Mod winners were the highest ever announced in ABC Raceway history, but thanks to the “Bridesmaid’s Challenge” contingency fund posted by the Neighborly Bar of Ashland, all four feature winners’ shares were topped by the second-place payouts. Ashley Anderson, Mike Anderson, Stuart and Joey Jensen each agreed to don formal gowns in Victory Lane for their post-race interviews and photos, earning each an additional $2,000 bonus on top of their posted payouts.
Thus, Ashley Anderson’s $6,500 take becomes the largest payday for a WISSOTA-sanctioned event in track history, while Mike Anderson’s $5,200 is a Mod driver’s record. Similarly, Stuart’s $4,500 sets a new ABC payout record for a Super Stock driver, while Joey Jensen added the “Bridesmaid’s Challenge” bonus, the Northern Clearing fast-lap bonus, and the Dirt Race Central heat winner’s bonus to claim a Raceway-record payday for a Midwest Mod driver of $3,500.
Dirt Race Central sponsored the heat race action and helped pay out $100 to each of Friday’s heat winners, while SSR Race Cars awarded limited-edition 2023 RCC heat-winner t-shirts to those drivers. Freedom Race Lifts not only sponsored Saturday’s semi-feature action, but it also awarded a bonus of $100 to first-time visiting Late Model traveler Mike Gerseth of Harwood, ND, as the “Rookie of the Red Clay,” and it awarded $200 to Nelson as the highest-finishing driver in the Modified A-main who transferred from semi-feature action.
Kleen Air Heating and Cooling of Washburn presented $100 “Kleen Sweep” bonuses to Giossi, Sabraski and Brandon Jensen for completing victory sweeps of their respective heat races and features.
Northern Clearing Inc of Ashland paid out $100 bonuses to the drivers posting the fastest timed single laps during feature action on Saturday night. Besides Joey Jensen in the Midwest Mods (16.618 seconds, 81.237 mph avg), the fastest feature laps were set by Giossi in the Late Models (16.247; 83.092), Lavasseur in the Modifieds (16.570; 81.473), and Sabraski in the Super Stocks (16.802; 80.348).
Clint Larson Trucking and George Dalbeck Trucking teamed up to post “hard charger” bonuses for the drivers advancing the most positions in each feature. Nelson claimed those bonuses in both the Late Model and Modified features, while Richards (Super Stocks) and Cody Carlson (Midwest Mods) took home the bonuses for those divisions.
The third-place finisher in each division’s feature was awarded a $250 bonus complements of Wildcat Saloon, in honor of Todd Huhn, a long-time and avid race fan who passed away on July 4; Todd’s favorite driver was the late NASCAR star Dale Earnhardt, who sported the number 3 on his car.
Over 80 businesses, fan groups and individuals contributed to a fund to help cover the costs of draw and entry fees for the drivers pre-registering for this year’s Classic. Over $12,400 was collected and refunded to the drivers in this effort, with the contributors receiving “Red Clay Nation” t-shirts in appreciation for their generosity.
Track single-lap records were in jeopardy of falling all weekend, as the fastest lap recorded in every heat race, B-feature and the Mid-Mod ‘A’ was within .6 seconds of the track’s best marks. Joey Jensen trimmed the Midwest Mod record down to 16.324 seconds (82.700 mph) during heat action on Friday, but Nick Koehler lowered that to 16.258 seconds (83.097 mph) en route to his semi-feature win on Saturday.
On Saturday, Nelson reset the track standard in the Modifieds during his winning semi-feature run, posting a lap of 15.622 seconds (86.417 mph).
During Modified heat-race action on Friday, Hayward’s Shawn Kreyer, while racing for a transfer position, got caught up awkwardly in heavy traffic in turn 1 and turned his racer over onto its roof for the only rollover of the weekend. Fortunately Kreyer was uninjured in the incident, but he was unable to make repairs for Saturday’s last round of qualifying.
Comfortable Fall weather drew an enormous, enthusiastic crowd, which, like Raceway officials, kept one eye on the weather all weekend, as threats of light rain were a constant. Precipitation earlier in the week helped create Friday’s lightning-fast racing surface, and light early-morning showers on Saturday contributed to even faster, smoother race conditions for that night’s B-mains and features.
The 2023 season will officially conclude at the Raceway’s awards banquet, tentatively scheduled for January. Details will be released at a later date.
For information on the ABC Raceway, log on to the track’s website, www.abcraceway.com, or check out the Raceway’s FaceBook page.
Results
WISSOTA Late Models
Feature: 1-10: James Giossi, Hudson; Ashley Anderson, Elk Mound; Chad Mahder, Bloomer; Darrell Nelson, Hermantown, MN; Jeff Massingill, Keewatin, MN; Jesse Glenz, Fall Creek; Mike Greseth, Harwood, ND; Sam Mars, Menomonie; Pat Doar, New Richmond; Dave Flynn, Superior.
11-20: Steve Laursen, Cumberland; Kevin Eder, Cameron; Travis Budisalovich, Minneapolis, MN; Nick Anvelink, Bonduel; Derek Vesel, Hibbing, MN; Tim McMann, Duluth, MN; Andy Nezworski, Blue Grass, IA; Mike Bellefeuille, Duluth, MN; Lukas Koski, New Richmond; Kevin Burdick, Proctor, MN.
21-24: Jake Redetzke, Menomonie; AJ Diemel, Elk Mound; Jayme Lautigar, Gilbert, MN; Skeeter Estey, Kelly Lake, MN.
Heat 1: Giossi; Massingill; Greseth; Eder; Redetzke; Anvelink; Daniel Bargender, Menomonie; Harry Hanson, Eveleth, MN; Buddy Hanestad, Boyceville; Mike Anderson, Jim Falls.
Heat 2: Glenz; Vesel; Mahder; Doar; Budisalovich; Burdick; Bellefeuille; Todd Frank, Montrose, IA; Rick Niemi, Eveleth, MN; Carey LePage, Culver, MN.
Heat 3: Mars; McMann; Nezworski; Flynn; Koski; Paul Niznik, Medford; Estey; Gunner Frank, Montrose, IA; Jase Lien, Mora, MN; Robbie Cooper, South Range.
Heat 4: Diemel; A Anderson; Laursen; Lautigar; Nelson; Cory Mahder, Elk Mound; Jeff Provinzino, Hibbing, MN; Lance Matthees, Winona, MN; Trevor Wilson, Superior.
Semi-Feature 1: Anvelink; Estey; Bargender; Niznik; Lien; LePage; M Anderson.
Semi-Feature 2: Burdick; Bellefeuille; Niemi; Provinzino; Cory Mahder; Wilson.
Fans’ Choice Feature: 1-10: Doar; Eder; Glenz; Nelson; Anvelink; Koski; Mars; A Anderson; Nezworski; Chad Mahder.
11-16: Hanson; M Anderson; Flynn; Burdick; Redetzke; Giossi.
WISSOTA Modifieds
Feature: 1-10: Clayton Wagamon, Ramsey, MN; Mike Anderson, Jim Falls; Darrell Nelson, Hermantown, MN; Al Uotinen, Superior; Shane Sabraski, Rice, MN; Cole Spacek, Phillips; Steve Lavasseur, River Falls; Pat Cook, Washburn; Jody Bellefeuille, Carlton, MN; Justin Weinberger, Elk Mound.
11-20: Jake Hartung, Elmwood; Michael Truscott, Chippewa Falls; Shane Halopka, Greenwood; Jeffrey Wood, Chisholm, MN; Jake Hiatt, Mason; Alex Van Natta, Minocqua; Colin Chaschuk, Thunder Bay, ON; Brandon Copp, Brule; Kennedy Swan, Chippewa Falls; Brady Uotinen, Superior.
21-27: Rick Rivord, Superior; Chris Oertel, Marshfield; Travis Anderson, Colfax; Marcus Dunbar, Marenisco, MI; Jeff Spacek, Phillips; Adam Ayotte, Elk River, MN; AJ Diemel, Elk Mound.
Heat 1: Sabraski; Bellefeuille; Rivord; Swan; Nelson; J Spacek; B Uotinen; Mark Hanson, Chippewa Falls; Todd Gehl, Solon Springs; Tyler Vernon, Mason; Brennan Gave, Princeton, MN.
Heat 2: Diemel; Halopka; Hiatt; Hartung; Weinberger; Parker Anderson, Phillips; Donnie Lofdahl, Duluth, MN; Brad Johnson, Wilson; Tyler English, Princeton, MN; John Kallas, Hurley; Cory Mahder, Elk Mound.
Heat 3: Lavasseur; Wagamon; Chaschuk; Oertel; Steve Hallquist, Fall Creek; Wood; Nick Oreskovich, Mason; Lance Schilling, Laporte, MN; Nick Wojcik, Ladysmith; Cole Chernosky, Thunder Bay, ON; Shaun Kreyer, Hayward.
Heat 4: Van Natta; M Anderson; C Spacek; A Uotinen; Ayotte; Brent Prochnow, Colfax; Cody Wolkowski, Thunder Bay, ON; Tyler Kintner, Hibbing, MN; Scott McKinnon, Thunder Bay, ON; Danny Thomas, Knapp; Duane Dale, Hibbing, MN.
Heat 5: Dunbar; Truscott; T Anderson; Cook; Bill Byholm, Glidden; Kelly Estey, Hibbing, MN; Shane Kisling, Butternut; Hunter Anderson, Phillips; Copp; Taylor Olson, Colby.
Semi-Feature 1: Nelson; B Uotinen; Copp; P Anderson; Kisling; Prochnow; Wojcik; Johnson; Mahder; Byholm; Oreskovich; Hallquist.
Semi-Feature 2: Ayotte; Wood; Weinberger; J Spacek; Lofdahl; Wolkowski; Schilling; Olson; English; Kallas; McKinnon; H Anderson.
WISSOTA Super Stocks
Feature: 1-10: Shane Sabraski, Rice, MN; Steve Stuart, Ashland; Tommy Richards, Mondovi; Joey Jensen, Forest Lake, MN; Terran Spacek, Phillips; DJ Keeler, Superior; Eric Olson, Ladysmith; Tristan LaBarge, Kelly Lake, MN; Jesse Redetzke, Eau Claire; Willie Johnsen Jr, Superior.
11-20: Matt Deragon, Ashland; Kyle Copp, Brule; Patrick Beeksma, Ironwood, MI; Chad Johnson, Colfax; Andrew Mackey, Duluth, MN; Nick Oreskovich, Mason; Shawn McFadden, Ashland; Kevin Salin, Iron, MN; Leslie Leu, Medford; Darin Meierotto, Superior.
21-24: Scott Lawrence, Superior; David Simpson, Thunder Bay, ON; Ron Mahder, Elk Mound; Brandon Duellman, St Charles, MN.
Heat 1: Copp; Lawrence; Deragon; Johnson; Mike Sirois, Duluth, MN; Shane Kisling, Butternut; Jim Campbell, Two Harbors, MN; Rich Bishop, Ladysmith; Don Muzzy, Ironwood, MI; Wayne Dean, Strum.
Heat 2: T Spacek; Oreskovich; Meierotto; Olson; Cole Spacek, Phillips; Randy Graham, Trego; Jeff Lien, Mora, MN; Jason Garner, Iron River; Dylan Leu, Medford; McFadden.
Heat 3: Keeler; Duellman; Richards; Don Livingston, Washburn; Tucker Quinn, Ladysmith; Austin Blom, Saginaw, MN; Dan Severson, Crosby, MN; Chris Johnson, Superior; Avery Anderson, Elk Mound; Joshua Kough, Duluth, MN.
Heat 4: Mackey; LaBarge; Redetzke; Salin; William Fisher, Shell Lake; Danny Young, Thunder Bay, ON; Aaron Mashlan, Ashland; Dan Peterson, Foxboro; Cole Chernosky, Thunder Bay, ON; Warren Bartelt, Medford.
Heat 5: Beeksma; Stuart; Johnsen; Scott Geiger, Dorchester; Jeff Eisner Jr, Merrill; Kenny Davis, Elk Mound; John Garrity, Thunder Bay, ON; Paul Gucinski, Superior; Jake Nevala, Ashland.
Heat 6: Sabraski; Jensen; Mahder; Simpson; Leslie Leu, Medford; Wayne Stricker, Highbridge; Myron Basina, Bayfield; Andy Ladd, Cumberland.
Semi-Feature 1: Chad Johnson; Salin; Kisling; Mashlan; Young; Muzzy; Dean; Trenton Bond, Iron River; Peterson; Kough; Fisher; Bishop; Sirois.
Semi-Feature 2: Olson; McFadden; Eisner; C Spacek; Graham; Davis; Geiger; Anderson; Lien; Gucinski; D Leu.
Semi-Feature 3: Simpson; L Leu; Basina; Blom; Bartelt; Severson; Chris Johnson; Livingston; Stricker; Quinn; Ladd.
WISSOTA Midwest Modifieds
Feature: 1-10: Brandon Jensen, Ellsworth; Joey Jensen, Forest Lake, MN; Tony Bahr, Haugen; Zach Benson, Princeton, MN; Dave Flynn, Superior; Andrew Inman, Canyon, MN; Cody Carlson, Superior; Marcus Dunbar, Marenisco, MI; Justin Jones, Bemidji, MN; Evan Checkalski, Duluth, MN.
11-20: Mack Estey, Kelly Lake, MN; Nick Koehler, Bloomer; Nick Ayotte, St Paul, MN; Justin Bassa, Cotton, MN; William Moelter, Elk Mound; Travis Anderson, Colfax; Paul Ripley, Duluth, MN; James Vendela, South Range; Dalton Mains, Foxboro; Dylan Miller, Hibbing, MN.
21-26: Jimmy Latvala, Solon Springs; Eric Anderson, Chisholm, MN; Jesse Polson, Superior; Kolby Reed, Kakabeka Falls, ON; Tommy Richards, Mondovi; David Simpson, Thunder Bay, ON.
Heat 1: Jones; Polson; Checkalski; Moelter; Ayotte; Latvala; Mike Jacques, Thunder Bay, ON; Travis Tupa, Hibbing, MN; Les Duellman, Winona, MN; Ross Siiter, Esko, MN; Michael Truscott, Chippewa Falls.
Heat 2: Bahr; Flynn; Miller; Mains; Ross Fuhrman, Ashland; Matt Jacobson, Bessemer, MI; Jay Richardson, Spring Valley; Tyler Hudack, Ashland; Keegan Kough, Proctor, MN; Don Craig, Thunder Bay, ON; Andrea Keeney, Ridgeland.
Heat 3: J Jensen; Dunbar; Reed; Richards; Cole Chernosky, Thunder Bay, ON; Vendela; Ripley; Jesse Aho, Twin Lakes, MI; Bryan Lund, Ashland; Chris Bretting, Washburn; Jeremy Lindquist, Ashland.
Heat 4: B Jensen; Bassa; T Anderson; Estey; Koehler; Carlson; Cole Mueller, Chippewa Falls; Tyler Vernon, Mason; Mike Schnider, Cameron; Kevin Monteith, Rosslyn, ON; Matthew Findley, Clayton.
Heat 5: Inman; Benson; Simpson; E Anderson; Paul Suzik, Ironwood, MI; Tanner Hicks, Ashland; Alex Van Natta, Minocqua; Zach Slayton, Hayward; Ryan Barningham, Bayfield; Josh Michel, Chippewa Falls.
Semi-Feature 1: Ayotte; Carlson; Ripley; Jacobson; Van Natta; Hudack; Suzik; Jacques; Duellman; Monteith; Barningham; Keeney; Findley; Craig; Lund.
Semi-Feature 2: Koehler; Latvala; Vendela; Richardson; Schnider; Hicks; Michel; Kough; Lindquist; Bretting; Slayton; Fuhrman; Aho; Mueller; Truscott.